【计算机网络与通讯】Application Layer.ppt

Part 2: Application Layer Our goals: conceptual, implementation aspects of network application protocols client-server paradigm service models learn about protocols by examining popular application-level protocols More chapter goals specific protocols: http ftp smtp pop dns programming network applications socket API Applications and application-layer protocols Application: communicating, distributed processes running in network hosts in “user space” exchange messages to implement application e.g., email, ftp, Web Application-layer protocols one “piece” of an app define messages exchanged by apps and actions taken use communication services provided by lower layer protocols (TCP, UDP) Network applications: some jargon Process: program running within a host. within same host, two processes communicate using interprocess communication (defined by OS). processes running in different hosts communicate with an application-layer protocol user agent: software process, interfacing with user “above” and network “below”. implements application-level protocol Web: browser E-mail: mail reader streaming audio/video: media player Client-server paradigm Typical network app has two pieces: client and server Application-layer protocols (cont). API: application programming interface defines interface between application and transport layers socket: Internet API two processes communicate by sending data into socket, reading data out of socket Q: how does a process “identify” the other process with which it wants to communicate? IP address of host running other process “port number” - allows receiving host to determine to which local process the message should be delivered What transport service does an app need? Data loss some apps (e.g., audio) can tolerate some loss other apps (e.g., file transfer, telnet) require 100% reliable data transfer Timing some apps (e.g., Internet telephony, interactive games) require low delay to be “effective” Transport service requirements of