Land use before zoning：The case of 1920's Chicago外文文献.PDF

Regional Science and Urban Economics 29 (1999) 473–489 Land use before zoning: The case of 1920’s Chicago Daniel P. McMillena , *, John F. McDonaldb ,c aDepartment of Economics, Tulane University, New Orleans LA 70118, USA bDepartment of Economics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA cDepartment of Finance, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA Received 15 September 1997; received in revised form 9 December 1998; accepted 7 January 1999 Abstract Attempting to mitigate the negative externalities associated with mixed land use, most major US cities passed comprehensive zoning ordinances in the 1920’s. Modern analysts suggest that more exclusionary motives account for zoning’s widespread popularity. We document the extent to which land use was mixed before Chicago adopted its first zoning ordinance. We find numerous instances where manufacturing and commercial lots were present on residential blocks. Mixed land use was most prevalent in older areas of the city and in areas where it caused little harm—along major streets and near public transportation.  1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords : Zoning; Land use; Nonparametric JEL classification : R14; R52; C14; N42 1. Introduction The number of American cities with zoning ordinances rose from 35 to nearly 500 during the 1920’s (Mills, 1979). What accounts for zoning’s popularity surge? Much credit goes to concerns over negative externalities associated with having commercial and manufacturing establishments in residential areas. The first Chicago zoning ordinance of 1923 is exemplary. The Chicago Zoning Commission * Corresponding author. Tel.: 1-504-862-8344; fax: 1-504-865-5869. E-mail address: dmcmill@mailhos