Physics 207, Lecture 29, Dec. 13.ppt

Physics 151 - Lecture 1 Physics 207, Lecture 29, Dec. 13 Agenda: Finish Ch. 22, Start review, Evaluations Heat engines and Second Law of thermodynamics Carnot cycle Reversible/irreversible processes and Entropy Heat Engines Example: The Stirling cycle Heat Engines and the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics A heat engine goes through a cycle (start and stop at the same point, same state variables) 1st Law gives ?U = Q + W =0 What goes in must come out 1st Law gives Qh = Qc + Wcycle (Q’s > 0) So (cycle mean net work on world) Qnet=|Qh| - |Qc| = -Wsystem = Wcycle Efficiency of a Heat Engine How can we define a “figure of merit” for a heat engine? Define the efficiency e as: Lecture 29: Exercise 1Efficiency Consider two heat engines: Engine I: Requires Qin = 100 J of heat added to system to get W=10 J of work (done on world in cycle) Engine II: To get W=10 J of work, Qout = 100 J of heat is exhausted to the environment Compare eI, the efficiency of engine I, to eII, the efficiency of engine II. Reversible/irreversible processes andthe best engine, ever Reversible process: Every state along some path is an equilibrium state The system can be returned to its initial conditions along the same path Irreversible process; Process which is not reversible ! All real physical processes are irreversible e.g. energy is lost through friction and the initial conditions cannot be reached along the same path However, some processes are almost reversible If they occur slowly enough (so that system is almost in equilibrium) The Carnot cycle Carnot Cycle Named for Sadi Carnot (1796- 1832) Isothermal expansion Adiabatic expansion Isothermal compression Adiabatic compression The Carnot Engine (the best you can do) No real engine operating between two energy reservoirs can be more efficient than a Carnot engine operating between the same two reservoirs. Carnot Cycle Efficiency eCarnot = 1 - Qc/Qh Q A?B= Q h= WAB= nRTh ln(VB/VA) Q C?D= Q c= WCD= nRTc ln(VD/VC) (here we