《国际经济学02.》.ppt

International Economics International EconomicsBy Robert J. Carbaugh9th Edition Chapter 2: Foundations of Modern Trade Theory Ricardo’s Comparative Advantage in money prices Supply schedules: constant opportunity costs Trading Under Constant-Cost Conditions Complete specialization Both countries’ unit production costs remain constant, which leads to complete specialization. Exception: One of the countries is too small to supply the other with all of its needs Complete specialization under constant opportunity costs Dynamic Gains from Trade Effect of trade on growth rate and thus on the volume of additional resources Higher output and income resulting in savings and consequent investments Better supplier match for imports Economies of large-scale production Increased competition Impact on productivity, quality, and prices Global Competition Productivity gains for US Iron Ore workers Increased competitive pressure on U.S. iron ore producers in the 1980s Workers agreed to changes in work rules that enhanced labor productivity Changing Comparative Advantage Comparative advantage can vanish if productivity growth lags Production possibilities schedules, for computers and automobiles, of the U.S. and Japan under constant opportunity cost (Figure 2.3) Pressure on producers to reinvent themselves Case: Semiconductor industry in the U.S. Back Trading Under Increasing-Cost Conditions Increasing opportunity costs Concave production possibilities schedule (Figure 2.4) Principle of diminishing marginal productivity（边际生产力递减） Supply factors as well as demand factors have to be considered Back Increasing-Cost Trading Case Process of specialization continues in both nations (Figure 2.5) until: The relative cost of autos is identical in both nations U.S. exports of autos precisely equal Canada’s imports of autos, and conversely for wheat Production gains from specialization (Figure 2.6a) Consumption gains from trade (Figure 2.6b) Back Back * * Lectured by Yuanf