癌基因与抑癌基因2.pptxVIP

Alterations of the CdK–RB–E2F pathway in human cancer三、癌基因/抑癌基因与多步骤癌变Synergy of Oncogenes Tumor Suppressor Genes in Multi-step Tumorigenesis 1. Multi-hit requirements for carcinogenesisNIH3T3 transfected assay is an one-hit mechanism (Ras transformation)Epidemiology supports multi-hit requirements for most tumorsOnly 20% of human tumor DNA produce foci in NIH3T3 transfection assayProblems: NIH3T3 is a immortal cell line. NIH3T3 cell is not exactly normal ! How about foci-forming assays using embryo fibroblasts ?Transfection of Rat Diploid Embryo FibroblastsRas GeneREFNO FOCI !!!v-myc GeneRE