南京大学天体物理学课件第五章chapter05.ppt

第五章 密近双星的演化 §5.1 密近双星的分类 §5.2 激变变星 §5.3 X射线双星 §5.1 密近双星的分类 1. 洛希瓣和双星分类 (1) Roche势和等势面 1864年，法国数学家Roche首先提出计算密近双星系统引力势的简化模型。 方法：考虑在两个互相绕转的天体的引力势中一个检验粒子的运动。 §5.2 激变变星 1. 激变变星 (cataclysmic variables ) 白矮星与红矮星构成的半相接双星。 白矮星通过吸积伴星的物质产生辐射。 分类 2. 新星 (1) 观测特征 在几天到几星期内亮度增加7-16星等，然后缓慢下降，经几个月或几年回复到原先的状态。 (2) 物理解释 White dwarf siphons off matter from companion star, creating accretion disk. Gravity pulls matter in toward surface of white dwarf. An ocean of hydrogen forms on the white dwarfs surface. Intense pressure and heat build at the bottom of the hydrogen ocean, eventually leading to a massive explosion, which blows off the outer layers of hydrogen. Then the siphoning process begins again. The nova outbursts lasts for tens to hundreds of days. Eventually, as in this HST image of Nova Cygni 1992, the ejected envelope is visible as a limb-brightened shell expanding away from the binary (the central point source in this image) at speeds of a few hundred to a few thousand km/s. (3) 再发新星 观测到不止一次类似新星爆发的激变变星。 典型的爆发间隔约10-100年。 The first wave, or shell, of blown-off matter travels at a terrific rate of speed. The shells outer edge moves faster than its inner edge. Gaseous knots observed by Hubble may form from shock waves that occur when matter ejected during the most recent explosion collides with slow-moving material from the previous outburst. For example, material from the 1966 explosion of T Pyxidis is illustrated in collision with debris from a 1944 eruption. Cycles of nova shell collisions create concentric circles of gaseous knots. 3. Ia型超新星 当吸积白矮星的质量达到Chandrasekha极限，白矮星的爆燃而导致的超新星爆发。 Evolution of CVs 4 M⊙ and 1 M⊙ Main-sequence stars in binary. Nearing the end of its life, the 4 M⊙ star swells, spilling gas onto its companion. Formation of a planetary nebula. as the lower mass star becomes a red, accretion occurs again. The end point of the system is two white dwarfs of roughly equal mass circling each other. §5.3 X射线双星 1. X射线双星 (X-ray binaries) 由致密星（中子星或