教育心理学－认知发展（英文）.ppt

Chapter 2 Cognitive Development Themes of the Chapter Biology and maturation underlie all developmental processes Growth-promoting experience must occur in order for cognitive development to be fully realized There are many school-related experiences that help learners realize their developmental potentials Guiding Questions How does education enrich brain development? How does Piaget explain cognitive development? What are the stages of cognitive development? How can teachers apply Piaget’s theory in the classroom? (continued) Guiding Questions (continued) How does Vygotsky explain sociocognitive development? How can teachers apply Vygotsky’s theory in the classroom? How does language develop? How can teachers use their knowledge of cognitive development when working with diverse learners and students with special needs? Brain Development Brain structure and function How does experience (education) affect brain development? Brain Structure and Function Hippocampus – processes a person’s new experiences Amygdala – generate negative emotions as the brain’s warning system Neurons – make all brain functions possible How Education Affects Brain Development Neural plasticity – brain’s capacity for structural change as the result of experience Stimulating environments give the brain a great deal of information to process, store, remember, and later use to solve problems The information may facilitate greater neuronal connectivity Cognitive Development Piaget’s Theory Adaptations are inborn process of adjusting to the demands of the environment Schemas are basic structures for organizing information Behavioural schemas are mental representations of physical actions Symbolic schemas are language-based mental representations of objects and events Operations are mental actions to solve a problem Assimilation and Accommodation Assimilation is a process of incorporation in which some outside event is brought into a person’s way of thinking Accommodation is a modification proc