水利工程翻译任务.docVIP

CHAPTER 4 Water Reuse Regulations and Guidelines规范准则 in the U.S. Most reuse programs operate within a framework of regu? lations that must be addressed in the earliest stages of planning. A thorough understanding of all applicable regu? lations is required to plan the most effective design and operation of a water reuse program and to streamline implementation Regulations refer to actual rules that have been enacted and are enforceable by government agencies. Guidelines, on the other hand, are not enforceable but can be used in the development of a reuse program. Currently, there are no federal regulations directly governing water reuse prac? tices in the U.S. Water reuse regulations and guidelines have, however, been developed by many individual states. As of November 2002, 25 states had adopted regulations regarding the reuse of reclaimed water, 16 states had guidelines or design standards, and 9 states had no regulations or guidelines. In states with no spe? cific regulations or guidelines on water reclamation and reuse, programs may still be permitted on a case-by- case basis. Regulations and guidelines vary considerably from state to state. States such as Ari?ona, California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Massachusetts, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Texas, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming have devel? oped regulations or guidelines that strongly encourage water reuse as a water resources conservation strat? egy. These states have developed comprehensive regu? lations or guidelines specifying water quality require? ments, treatment processes, or both, for the full spec? trum of reuse applications. The objective in these states is to derive the maximum resource benefits of the re? claimed water while protecting the environment and pub? lic health. Other states have developed water reuse regu? lations with the primary intent of providing a disposal al? ternative to discharge to surface waters, without consid? ering the manage