中国地质大学(武汉)环境化学10 Lithosphere and soil.pptVIP

Chapter Ten The Lithosphere and Soils How we use the Lithosphere Grow food. Extract drinking and irrigation(灌溉) water. Extract minerals including fossil fuels. Bury wastes. Harm that’s being done: Wind and water erosion of topsoil. Rainfall with low pH leaches soil minerals. Exceeding holding capacity for toxic chemicals (atrazine in drinking water). Future issue of nuclear waste disposal. Pattern of Soil Erosion in U.S. Another View of Soil Runoff Wind Erosion alsoProblem, esp. in Northern plains. Albedos of Various Land Covers Rocks and Minerals Mineral - Inorganic solid with definite internal crystal structure and chemical composition. Rock - Solid cohesive mass containing two or more minerals. Major Rock Types Igneous - cooling and solidification of magma. Extrusive - basalt, obsidian, andicite Intrusive - granite, quartz, gabbro Sedimentary - weathered parent material reformed into rock. Detrital - sandstone, shale (clay) Organic - limestone Metamorphic - altered igneous or sedimentary rock with heat and pressure. Limestone -- Marble Quartz -- Quartzite The Rock Cycle Geological Cycles Mountain building - plate tectonics Chemical weathering - pH of rain Physical weathering - wind, water Sediment beds formed - marine organisms Location of Earthquakes Movement on Plate Boundaries “Subduction Leads to Orogeny” Clays Predominate component of most soils. Essential for water and nutrient retention. Very fine grains ( 0.002 mm diameter). Formed from weathered aluminum silicate minerals. Types of Clays Silicon and Oxygen in a Tetrahedral Structure Octahedral Bonding for Al Properties of Clay Consists of layers of silicon dioxide and aluminum dioxide. Si bonds tetrahedrally, Al bonds octahedrally. Can absorb water by H-bonding to O on surfaces and in layers. Layers held together weakly, cause sliding. Water Retaining Example Cation Exchange Capacity Si (IV) and Al (III) can be replaced by Mg (II), Ca (II), K (I). Similar sizes, less charge. Mineral particle can