论梁启超的公私观 _ 以《新民说》为中心.pdfVIP

摘 要 “公”与“私”及其关系问题是中国传统伦理思想中的重要问题，塑造着中 国传统社会的伦理品格和价值取向。“公”与“私”往往是相对待使用的。在“公” 与“私”关系的处理上，以公为本位的观念是非常重要的一脉，“尚公”成为中 国传统社会的主流价值观之一。背负着救亡图存的时代使命，梁启超深刻地反思 了中国传统公私观，赋予了“公”与 “私”新的内涵。梁启超将“公”所指由传 统的朝廷转化为了现代意义的国家；把“私”从传统所强调的家族、社群的小群 体落实到个人，要一改传统的“臣民”身份变为现代意义的“国民”。在此，梁 启超为变动性的公私界进行了初步区分。《新民说》中，梁启超首次明确将道德 区分为“公德”和“私德”，开启了中国思想史上讨论“公德”与“私德”问题 的先河。对于公德与私德的关系处理，也体现了梁启超对传统公私观的承袭和变 革。梁启超认为公德与私德相互区别，但不是绝对的“二分”，二者相互依存， 任何一方都是不可或缺的，同时私德外推即为公德。 “公德”、“私德”与“群 己”关系问题是紧密相关的。同时也涉及到了在群体中权利与义务，自由等关系 的处理。梁启超的公私观对后世影响深远。 关键词：梁启超；公；私；新民 ABSTRACT “Public” and “private”, coming with the relationship between them, is an important problem in the Chinese traditional ethics, shaping the characters of ethics and value orientation of the traditional Chinese society. To deal with the relationship between the public and private, the notion with the public as the standard is a very important branch, “Shang Gong” became Chinese traditional social mainstream values. Burdened with the salvation of the mission from the times, Liang Qichao profoundly rethinks the Chinese traditional view of public and private, giving the public, private new connotation. Liang Qichao makes the entity, the “public” refers to, translates from the traditional court into modern state. He also realized the change that the entity, the “private” refers to, translates from the traditional emphasis on family, community groups to implement personal. Personal, meaning “subjects” in the traditional society, becomes the modern significance of“national”. Here, the public and private sectors were preliminary distinguished from Liang in the modern China. Liang Qichao clearly divided morality as the public morality and private morality in THE New Citizen, opening the precedent discussion of public morality and