《Draft v. 04-09-04》.doc

Draft v.3 04/09/04 The Effectiveness of Worked Examples on a Game-Based Problem-Solving Task A Proposal Submitted to: Dr. Harold O’Neil (Chair) Dr. Edward Kazlauskas Dr. Robert Rueda by Chun-Yi (Danny) Shen University of Southern California 3401 S. Sentous Ave., # 148 West Covina, CA 91792 (626) 715-6130; cshen@ In Partial Fulfillment for Ed.D. in Learning and Instruction Table of Contents ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………….………… 6 CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION……………………………………..……….….. 7 Background of the Problem…………………….…………………………………. 7 Purpose of the Study………………………………………………………………. 9 Significance of the Study…………………………………………………………… 9 CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW….……………………………………….. 10 Relevant Studies……………………………………………………………………. 10 Games and Simulations……………………………………..…………………….. 10 Theories of Games and Simulations…..…..……….………………………. 10 Training Effectiveness of Games.…………..….………………………….. 11 Promotion of Motivation………………………………………….. 12 Enhancement of Thinking Skills…………………………………. 18 Facilitation of Metacognition…………………………………….. 23 Improvement of Knowledge……………………………………… 23 Building Attitudes………………………………………………… 28 Design of Games and Simulations……………………………………….. 28 Summary………………………………..…………………………………. 29 Problem Solving……………….………………………………………………........ 29 Significance of Problem-Solving Skills…………………………………….. 32 Assessment of Problem Solving…………………………….…………….. 32 Measurement of Content Understanding…………………………… 32 Measurement of Problem Solving Strategies…………….................. 33 Table of Contents (Cont.) Measurement of Self-Regulation……………....……………………. 42 Summary………………………………………………………..……….….. 44 Worked Example…………………………………………………………………….. 45 Theories of Worked Examples………………………………………….….. 47 Cognitive Load Theory…………………………………………….. 47 Schema…………………………………………………………….. 49 Scaffolding………………………………………………………….. 50 ACT-R………………………………………………………………. 51 Design of Worked Examples………………………………………………... 52 Before vs. After……………………………………………………… 52 Part vs. Whole……………………………………………………… 53 Bac