U4句法学01.docVIP

Chapter 4 Syntax I. Define the following terms. 1．The PARADIGMATIC relation, Saussure originally called ASSOCIATIVE, is a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure, or between one elements present and the others absent 2. Syntagmatic relation is a relation between one item and others in a sequence, or between elements which are all present; 3. The structural and logical functional relations of constituents between every noun phrase and sentence are called grammatical relations. 4. The combinational pattern in a linear formula may be called a phrase structural rule, or rewrite rule 5. An endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the centre, or head, of the whole. 6. Endocentric construction may be furthering divided into two subtypes: SUBORDINATE and COORDINATE constructions. Those in which there is one head, with the head being dominant and the other constituents dependent, are subordinate constructions. 7. The exocentric construction is defined negatively as a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its constituents. 8. DEEP structure : the abstract representation of the syntactic properties of a construction, i.e. the underlying level of structural relations between its different constituents, such as the relation between the underlying subject and its verb, or a verb and its object. 9. Surface structure: the final stage in the syntactic derivation of a construction, which closely corresponds to the structural organization of a construction people actually produce and receive. 10. THEME refers to “that which is known or at least obvious in the given situation and from which the speaker proceeds” , 11. RHEME refers to “what the speaker states about, or in regard to, the starting point of the utterance” 12. Syntax: A subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence