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Fuel-saving tyres
Hysterectomy
Silica extracted from rice husks makes for greener tyres
TYRES are remarkable pieces of engineering. At high speed in slippery bends they provide only a few square centimetres of contact with the road, yet they help a driver steer safely around the corner. Once, they were made entirely of natural rubber. These days they also contain rubber-like polymers, layers of steel braiding and textile reinforcements, all of which improve performance and cut fuel consumption. Now Pirelli, an Italian tyremaker, is manufacturing fuel-saving tyres that are greener still by extracting one of their ingredients from rice husks.
One good way to save fuel is to reduce rolling resistance, which is caused, in part, by a vehicle’s weight repeatedly squashing its tyres. As the tyres bounce they convert kinetic energy into heat, thus wasting it. Hysteresis loss, as this is known, can be reduced by mixing a tyre’s rubber with powdered material that has strong chemical bonds in it.
In the past, the material of choice has been carbon black, a sooty substance made by the incomplete combustion of petroleum products. More recently, silica (silicon dioxide, which comes from sand) has come to the forefront. Silica is better because it lowers hysteresis loss without reducing a tyre’s grip. It thus cuts rolling resistance by around 30%, compared with its predecessor. That translates into a 5-7% reduction in fuel consumption. And silica also increases a tyre’s wet grip.
Brazil bounces back
Sand is cheap. But processing it into something suitable for use in tyres requires effort and money. So if nature were to provide grains of silica suitable for use without processing, that would be a bonus. And nature does. Grasses contain tiny pieces of silica, called phytoliths (illustrated above), whose job is to discourag
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