EvolutionaryAlgorithms：进化算法.ppt

Evolutionary ComputingA Practical Introduction Presented by Ben Paechter Napier University with thanks to the EvoNet Training Committee and its “Flying Circus” Contents Natural Evolution Evolutionary Algorithms A Simple Example Simple Demonstrations How to Build an Evolutionary Algorithm Natural Genetics The information required to build a living organism is coded in the DNA and other genetic material found in the cells of that organism Within a species, most of the genetic material is the same Small changes in the genetic material give rise to small changes in the organism E.g height, hair colour DNA and Genes DNA is a large molecule made up of fragments. There are several fragment types, each one acting like a letter in a long coded message: -A-B-A-D-C-B-B-C-C-A-D-B-C-C-A- Certain groups of letters are meaningful together - a bit like words. These groups are called genes The DNA is made up of genes and rubbish Example: Human Reproduction Human DNA is organised into chromosomes Most human cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes which together define the physical attributes of the individual: Reproductive Cells Sperm and egg cells contain 23 individual chromosomes rather than 23 pairs Reproductive cells are formed by one cell splitting into two During this process the pairs of chromosome undergo an operation called crossover Crossover During crossover the chromosome pairs link up and swap parts of themselves: Before After After crossover one of each pair goes into each cell Fertilisation Mutation Occasionally some of the genetic material changes very slightly during this process This means that the child might have genetic material information not inherited from either parent This is most likely to be catastrophic Theory of Evolution Mutation, Crossover =New genetic material or new combinations. Usually less able to to survive and so reproduce Occasionally more able to survive and so reproduce More reproduction leads to more of the “new improve