数据通讯与网络03.ppt

Congestion Scenario Output buffer becomes full discard packets source retransmits more messages in the network more buffers saturated delay increases source times out more retransmissions capacity drops towards zero Need congestion control Congestion Control Long term congestions: network dimensioning (Erlang) Short term congestion: congestion control Transmitting nodes have to be informed and have to slow down Congested node sends congestion information to sources Congested node sends information to the destination, destination reports to the node Source node relies on routing information with end-to-end delay Source node relies on packet loss information (e.g., TCP) Admission control applied for new connections (VCS networks) WAN Examples Datagram networks Internet From ARPANET project late ‘60s US Department of Defense Based on TCP/IP Circuit switching networks Telephone network TDM hierarchy DS-0, DS-1, etc E1/T1 SONET/SDH OC12/STM 4 Connection-oriented networks ATM Virtual circuit switching Different traffic types Video, telephony, data AAL Virtual Circuit Switching Connection-oriented packet switching Virtual circuit identifier (VCI) Switch scope—only valid between two switches Altered when frames are switched Virtual Circuit Switching from A to B ATM—Asynchronous Transfer Mode Multiplexing of frames of different sizes regarded as a big problem In particular for real-time applications, such as audio and video Smaller (audio, video) frames get delayed by large frames ATM multiplexing Data stream divided into fixed sized frames called cells Asynchronous TDM multiplexing Each time slot can take one cell Slots are filled with cells from inputs where there are cells Connections in ATM Two levels Virtual path (VP) is a collection of Virtual Circuits (VCs) Hierarchical routing Many switches need only route using VP ATM Cells Fixed size: 53 bytes 48 bytes of payload, 5 bytes of header Addressing by Virtual Path Identifier and Virtual Circuit Identifier (VPI + VCI)