大豆抗病育种.DOCVIP

大豆抗病育种 摘要：在发现大豆对 ＳＭＶ 具有数量抗性的基础上，选用 ９６ 份大豆品种材料研究其在接种 Ｓａ、ＳＣ８、Ｎ１、Ｎ３等 ４ 个 ＳＭＶ 株系条件下的发病率、病级、潜育期和病害扩展速度等４ 个数量抗性组分的变异。结果表明，品种间４ 个组分均存在明显差异；溧水中子黄豆、沛县天鹅蛋、诱变３０ 等品种虽然对 ４ 个株系均感染，但在４ 个组分上均表现出较强抗性，且不同株系间差异较小，说明这些品种对大豆花叶病毒具有广谱数量抗性。研究证实以往报道的一些抗感染品种如溧水中子黄豆、ＡＧＳ－１９，其实是抗扩展的数量抗性品种。邳县茶豆、淮阴秋黑豆等品种对ＳＭＶ 的抗性可能属于数量抗性与质量抗性的叠和。大豆对 ＳＭＶ 的数量抗性是曾被学术界忽视而又值得利用的一类抗性，它一般比质量抗性具有更宽的抗谱和更好的持久性。　 Abstract: A sample of 96 soybean cultivars were evaluated for their diseased rate (I), diseased rank (S), latent period (LP)　and rate of disease development (R) in order to study the quantitative resistance to SMV in soybeans. The results showed that the　performances of the above four resistance components were significantly different among cultivars and that some of the cultivars　such as Lishuizhongzihuangdou, Peixiantianedan, Youbian30 could be infected by four SMV strains, Sa, SC8, N1 and N3, but their I,S, and R were lower and LP longer than most of the cultivars. These results demonstrated the existence of quantitative resistance to　SMV besides qualitative resistance in soybeans. Some soybean cultivars such as Lishuizhongzihuangdou and AGS19, which　previously were identified as resistant to SMV infection, were in fact susceptible, but resistant to expansion. The resistance to SMV　in Pixianchadou and Huaiyinqiuheidou might be either qualitative or quantitative. The present study also indicated that the resistance　spectrum and durability of cultivars with quantitative resistance might be wider and longer than those with qualitative resistance. 寄主对病原物的抗性可分为质量抗性和数量抗性。质量抗性表现为抗侵染，寄主与病原物之间不能建立寄生关系。而数量抗性则表现为抗扩展，病原物可以完成侵染过程、建立寄生关系，但潜育期长、发病率低、病原繁殖率低、病程发展慢，最终病情较轻，产量影响较小。数量抗性对病原物的选择压力较小，不易引起由优势小种变更而导致的品种抗性丧失，因而抗性稳定而持久。有关学者认为数量抗性在生产上足以起到防病保产的作用，因此它正受到抗病育种者的重视[1～7]。 大豆花叶病毒（soybean mosaic virus，SMV）是危害大豆生产的主要病害之一，严重影响大豆产量和品质。以往关于大豆抗 SMV 研究均着重质量抗性方面，明确了对不同株系质量抗性分别由单显性基因控制。关于大豆对 SMV 数量抗性的研究迄今未见报道。 在以往研究中发现，某些苗期抗病材料在后期表现感病。起初认为受到其它病毒侵染，但反复试验证实是潜育期长的类型。试验中也发现除了不同时期反应型上的差异外，在发病率、严重度和病情发展速度上品种间也存在差异。美国弗吉尼亚理工大学植物病理学系 Tolin 等也发现这些现象（