film-form.ppt-UniversityofSurrey.ppt

Overview Factors affecting Minimum Film Formation Temperature MFFT Lateral and vertical drying Particle packing Fundamental driving forces for particle deformation Diffusion and particle coalescence Factors influencing surfactant distribution Drying of Latex Films Theory: Reduced capillary pressure controls lateral drying Reduced capillary pressure, pc, can pin the water at the film edge. Experiments support theory Lower thickness, larger particle size, and slower evaporation rate encourage uniform lateral drying Theory: Peclet number for vertical drying uniformity Competition between Brownian diffusion that re-distributes particles and evaporation that causes particles to accumulate at the surface Simulations of the Vertical Distribution of Particles Mechanisms for Particle Deformation and Coalescence Theory: Deformation mechanism is a function of the dimensionless parameters, l and Pe At later stages, water profiles depend on particle deformation Water concentration profiles during latex film formation Coalescing Aids Increase Diffusivity Volatile solvents can decrease the Tg and MFFT of the polymer, enhance the rate of polymer interdiffusion and then evaporate to create a hard (high Tg) film. A common example of a coalescing aid is 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate (Texanol TM). A negative aspect is that the use of coalescing aids increases the VOC concentration of a waterborne system! Factors in Selecting a Coalescing Aid Evaporation rate: Determines how long the plasticizer remains in the film. Solvent Tg: Determines the extent of plasticization; Tg approximately 2Tm/3. Solubility: Determines the amount of solvent in the polymer and aqueous phases and hence the extent of plasticization. A balance of these factors is required to achieve the best film formation and a hard final coating. Surfactant Distribution Surfactant Transport Mechanisms During the drying stage, surfactant must be either: Adsorbed on particle surfaces, where it mo