《Bridge engineering handbook桥梁工程手册-43地震改造技术.》.pdf

43 Seismic Retrofit Technology 43.1 Introduction Kevin I. Keady 43.2 Analysis Techniques for Bridge Retrofit California Department 43.3 Superstructure Retrofits of Transportation Expansion Joints and Hinges • Steel Bracing Fadel Alameddine and Diaphragms • Concrete Edge Beams California Department 43.4 Substructure Retrofits of Transportation Concrete Columns • Pier Walls • Steel Thomas E. Sardo Bents • Bearing Retrofit • Shear Key Retrofit • Cap Beam Retrofit • Abutments • Foundations California Department of Transportation 43.5 Summary 43.1 Introduction Upon completion of the seismic analysis and the vulnerability study for existing bridges, the engineer must develop a retrofit strategy to achieve the required design criteria. Depending on the importance of structures, there are two levels of retrofit. For ordinary structures, a lower level of retrofit may be implemented. The purpose of this level of retrofit is to prevent collapse. With this level of retrofit, repairable damage is generally expected after a moderate earthquake. Following a major earthquake, extensive damage is expected and replacement of structures may be necessary. For important structures, a higher level of retrofit could be required at a considerably higher cost. The purpose of this level of retrofit is not only to prevent collapse, but also to provide service