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TOTEMISM, ANIMISM AND NORTH ASIAN INDIGENOUS ONTOLOGIES - VU.doc
TOTEMISM, ANIMISM AND NORTH ASIAN INDIGENOUS ONTOLOGIES.
by MORTEN A. PEDERSEN, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Vol. 7, 2001
This article examines the extent to which new theories of animism advanced by Descola and Viveiros de Castro are consistent with the indigenous ontologies of North Asia. Based on a survey of North Asian ethnography and on fieldwork in Mongolia and Siberia, it is proposed that an analytical distinction between animist and totemist modalities will shed light on indigenous ontologies in North Asia. Whereas the ontologies of Northern North Asia (NNA) are predominantly animistic in nature, the ontologies of Southern North Asia (SNA) are predominantly totemistic. This opposition falls in line with established anthropological distinctions concerning North Asian societies, such as the one between 'horizontally' and 'vertically' organized social formations. Finally, adopting Viveiros de Castro's notion of 'perspectivism', I address the question of why, when perspectivist notions seem to thrive in NNA, the societies of SNA do not show them.
This aim of this article is to show how different indigenous ontologies of North Asia can be described and compared through the three analytical categories of animism, totemism, and perspectivism. I seek to contribute to the recent revival of the animism debate within anthropology (Bird-David 1999; Descola 1992; 1996; Ingold 1998; Stringer 1999; Viveiros de Castro 1998), and aim to provide insights into a theme largely neglected by anthropology, namely the comparative study of the indigenous societies of North Asia.
The indigenous societies of North Asia range from former deeply hierarchical tribal empires of the Mongolian grasslands to the current small egalitarian bands of reindeer-breeding hunters traversing the wilderness of Northern Siberia. Indeed, a geographical as well as cultural opposition between Northern North Asia (NNA) and Southern North Asia (SNA) is crucial for my argument. Partly f
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