1-Linux环境高级编程-操作系统基本知识教程讲解.pptVIP

* 现代进程与线程 一个进程地址空间 二个进程地址空间？ 一个进程中2个线程地址空间？？ * 线程的优势 Takes less time to create a new thread than a process Less time to terminate a thread than a process Less time to switch between two threads within the same process Since threads within the same process share memory and files, they can communicate with each other without invoking the kernel * 信号(Signals) Signals are a technique used to notify a process that some condition has occurred. The process has three choices for dealing with the signals: Ignore the signal. Let the default action occur. Provide a function that is called when the signal occurs. Many conditions generate signals. E.g.: terminal key(Ctrl+C, Ctrl+\), function kill, hardware error, etc.. * Example（shell-int.c） ...... if (signal(SIGINT, sig_int) == SIG_ERR) err_sys(signal error.); …… void sig_int(int signo) { printf(interrupt.\n%%); fflush(stdout); } * Results 捕获中断信号 * 时间值 UNIX系统使用两种不同的时间值 日历时间。指自1970年1月1日00:00:00以来所经历的秒数累计值，基本数据类型time_t用于保存这种时间值 进程时间（又称为CPU时间）。UNIX使用三个进程时间值： 时钟时间（墙上时钟时间） 用户态CPU时间 系统态CPU时间 运行死循环程序观察其进程时间 * 错误号 When an error occurs in one of the Linux functions, a negative value is often returned, and the integer errno is usually set to a value that gives additonal information. Some functions use a convention other than returning a negative value. For example, most functions that return a pointer to an object return a null pointer to indicate an error. Two functions are defined to help print error message. char *strerror( int errnum); void perror( const char *msg); * err_hand.c int main(void) { fprintf(stderr,EACCESS: %s\n,strerror(EACCES)); errno = ENOENT; perror(ENOENT); exit(0); } errno是否线程安全，参考源码 /usr/include/bits/errno.h文件 * 系统调用及库函数 All operating systems provide service points through which programs request service from the kernel. All variants of Unix provide a well-defined, limited number of entry points directly into the kernel called system calls. Each system call has a function of sa