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* ? R@D Center for Knowledge Engineering, Beijing Normal University * ? R@D Center for Knowledge Engineering, Beijing Normal University 3-year Circle Focus Framework PISA2000 reading literacy Reading literacy is understanding, using, and reflecting on written texts, in order to achieve one’s goals, to develop one’s knowledge and potential, and to participate in society. PISA2003 mathematical literacy with problem Mathematical literacy is an individual’s capacity to identify and understand the role that mathematics plays in the world, to make well-founded judgements and to use and engage with mathematics in ways that meet the needs of that individual’s?life as a constructive, concerned and reflective citizen. Problem solving is an individuals capacity to use cognitive processes to confront and resolve real, cross-disciplinary situations where the solution path is not immediately obvious and where the literacy domains or curricular areas that might be applicable are not within a single domain of mathematics, science or reading. PISA2006 scientific literacy Scientific literacy is the capacity to use scientific knowledge, to identify questions and to draw evidence-based conclusions in order to understand and help make decisions about the natural world and the changes made to it through human activity. PISA2009 reading with option of electronic text The re-worked and expanded framework for reading literacy includes not only the assessment of reading and understanding printed texts, but also an innovative component to assess how well students read, navigate and understand electronic texts. PISA2012 reading literacy Are students prepared to meet the challenges of the future? Are they able to analyse, reason and communicate their ideas effectively? How well equipped are they to continue learning throughout life? * ? R@D Center for Knowledge Engineering, Beijing Normal University OECD (2010), PISA 2009 Results: Executive Summary Top 1 556/600/575 * ? R@D Center for Know