完美熱引擎-ckw.pptVIP

Entropy Availability of Work 熵與可用的功 Before adiabatic expansion, gas can do work isothermally 絕熱膨脹之前，氣體可以在等温下作功 After adiabatic expansion, gas cannot do work, while its entropy increases by 絕熱膨脹之後，氣體不能作功，它的熵則增加了 ? In a general irreversible process 在一個廣泛的不可逆程序中 Coolest T in system Example 19.4. Loss of Q Q的損耗 A 2.0 L cylinder contains 5.0 mol of compressed gas at 300 K. 一個 2.0 L 氣筒灌了 5.0 mol 在 300 K 的壓縮氣體。 If the cylinder is discharged into a 150 L vacuum chamber its temperature remains at 300 K, 如果氣筒往一個 150 L真空倉放氣，而且它的温度保持在 300 K ， how much energy becomes unavailable to do work? 有多少能量變成不能作功？ 閥打開 之前 氣 閥關上 真空 之後 A Statistical Interpretation of Entropy 熵的統計詮釋 Gas of 2 distinguishable molecules occupying 2 sides of a box 由可存在盒子兩邊的兩個可分辨分子所組成的氣體 Microstates 微觀態 Macrostates 巨觀態 probability of macrostate 巨觀態的或然率 1/4 2? ? = ? 1/4 Gas of 4 distinguishable molecules occupying 2 sides of a box 由可存在盒子兩邊的 4 個可分辨分子所組成的氣體 Microstates 微觀態 Macrostates 巨觀態 probability of macrostate 巨觀態的或然率 1/16 = 0.06 4? 1/16 = ? =0.25 4? 1/16 = ? =0.25 1/16 = 0.06 6? 1/16 = 3/8 = 0.38 Gas of 100 molecules 100個分子的氣體 Gas of 1023 molecules 1023 個分子的氣體 Equal distribution of molecules 分子平均分佈或然率 Statistical definition of entropy : 熵的统計定義： ? # of micro states = 微觀態數目 Entropy the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics熵與熱力學第二定律 2nd Law of Thermodynamics : 熱力學第二定律 in any closed system 任何密閉系統中 S can decrease in an open system by outside work on it. S 可以在一個開放系統中因外界對它作功而減少。 However, ?S ? 0 for combined system. 不過，如果把”外界”也算進來，整個系统還是 ?S ? 0 。 ? ?S ? 0 in the universe 整個宇宙 ?S ? 0 Universe tends to disorder 宇宙趨向混亂 Life 生命 ? GOT IT? 19.3. In each of the following processes, does the entropy of the named system increase, decrease, or stay the same? 在下列每個程序中，熵在提到的系统裏是 增加，減少，或是 不變？ a balloon inflates 氣球充氣 cells differentiate in a growing embryo, forming different organs 細胞在成長中的胚胎裏分化，形成各種器官 an animal dies, its remains gradually decays 一個動物死了，它的遺體慢慢腐爛 an earthquake demolishes a building 一場