竞争性市场剖析.ppt

* 53 32 * * * 54 32 * 54 32 * 56 33 * 56 33 * 8 Measuring Producer Surplus with the Supply Curve... Quantity of Houses Painted Price of House Painting 500 800 $900 0 600 1 2 3 4 Supply 单龙’s producer surplus ($100) Price = $600 Measuring Producer Surplus with the Supply Curve... Quantity of Houses Painted Price of House Painting 500 800 $900 0 600 1 2 3 4 Supply 单龙’s producer surplus ($300) Price = $800 崔龙’s producer surplus ($200) Total producer surplus ($500) P2 Q2 How Price Affects Producer Surplus... Quantity Price 0 Supply Q1 P1 A B C Initial Producer surplus Additional producer surplus to initial producers D E F Producer surplus to new producers Market Efficiency Consumer surplus and producer surplus may be used to address the following question: Is the allocation of resources determined by free markets in any way desirable? Economic Well-Being and Total Surplus and Consumer Surplus = Value to buyers _ Amount paid by buyers Producer Surplus = Amount received by sellers _ Cost to sellers Economic Well-Being and Total Surplus or Total Surplus = Value tobuyers _ Cost to sellers Total Surplus = Consumer Surplus Producer Surplus + Market Efficiency Market efficiency is achieved when the allocation of resources maximizes total surplus. Market Efficiency In addition to market efficiency, a social planner might also care about equity – the fairness of the distribution of well-being among the various buyers and sellers. Evaluating the Market Equilibrium... Price Equilibrium price 0 Quantity Equilibrium quantity A Supply C B Demand D E Consumer and Producer Surplus in the Market Equilibrium... Price Equilibrium price 0 Quantity Equilibrium quantity A Supply C B Demand D E Producer surplus Consumer surplus Three Insights Concerning Market Outcomes Free markets allocate the supply of goods to the buyers who value them most highly. Free markets allocate the demand for goods to the sellers who can produce them at least cost. Free markets produce the quantity of goods that