大气与海洋解决方案.ppt

§８ The Atmosphere and the Ocean 大气与海洋 Structure of the Atmosphere地球大气的垂直分层 Layered (~ approximate thickness of layers) Troposphere对流层 (weather zone) (~15 km) Stratosphere平流层(~35 km) Mesosphere中层 (~30 km) Thermosphere 热成层(~415 km) Exosphere 逸散层( beyond 500 km from Earth) Based on temperature variations Troposphere(对流层） 温度随高度降低 大气铅直混合强 气象要素水平分布不均 主要天气现象和过程的源地 Stratosphere（平流层） 底层温度变化不大，上部温度随高度增加而明显增高 大气层结稳定，铅直运动很弱 2. Atmospheric variables（气象要素） Temperature（气温） Pressure (weight of overlying air, 1in Hg=33.86 mb)- average surface pressure = 1013mb （气压） Water vapor-humidity/dew point/RH（湿度） Wind-speed and direction（风） 3.1 Temperature Temperature is a measure of the hotness or coldness of a substance. Temperature typically is measured in either Fahrenheit(华氏温标), Celsius(摄氏温标), or Kelvin(开氏温标). Fahrenheit (1714, Germany): Freezing of water at sea level = 32 degrees Fahrenheit Boiling = 212 degrees Fahrenheit The scale is linear. Celsius (1742, Sweden): Freezing = 0 degrees Celsius Boiling = 100 degrees Celsius The scale is linear. Kelvin (1800s, Lord Kelvin) Freezing = 273 Kelvin Boiling = 373 Kelvin The scale is linear. K = degrees Celsius + 273 3.2 Atmospheric pressure(气压) 观测高度到大气上界单位面积上铅直空气柱的重量 1hPa=1000dyn/cm2 ~1mb 1mmHg=1.33hPa 1hPa=0.75mmHg Meteorologists generally measure air pressure in millibars (mb). Average sea level pressure = 1013 mb The highest measured sea level pressure on Earth was 1084 mb (Agata, Siberia). The lowest measured sea level pressure on Earth was 870 mb (within a typhoon). 3.3 Humidity Vapor pressure (e,水汽压)：湿空气中，由水汽所引起的那一部分压强 Saturation vapor pressure (E,饱和水汽压)：当温度一定时，若从纯水的水表面逸入空气中的水分与从空气中进入水面的水分在数量上相同，此时水汽所造成的那部分压强．温度越高，E越大． Relative Humidity (RH，相对湿度): 空气中实际水气压e与同温度下的饱和水气压E之比 RH=e/E*100% Dew point (Td，露点): 湿空气等压降温达到饱和时的温度 3.4 Wind Wind is simply the velocity of the air with respect to the earth. （空气相对于地面作水平运动） In meteorology, we refer to the wind direction as the direction from which the wind is blowing. 3. T