声学概论.docVIP

声学概论 Acoustics conspectus 声学是声音的科学，研究它的产生、传播、接收和效应。声音原始是指人耳能察觉到的空气中传播的振动振动现象，频率在20Hz到20KHz之间。现代已经使其范围扩大，频率可在20Hz以下的次声或20KHz的超声。 Acoustics is science of sound, studying sound producing, emitting, receiving and effect. Idea of original sound mean that ear can hear a vibration of the air, frequency range is between 20Hz to 20KHz. Human extend sound range in modern times, frequency lower than 20Hz is infrasound or higher than 20KHz is ultrasonic. 1. 声的基本特征Character of Sound 人耳对声音的感觉表征于三种特征：（1）声音的响度；（2）音调；（音色）；用通俗的语言来说，响度相当于声音的“大小”，音调相当于声音的高低，音色相当于声音的品质。声音的振动表征于三种特征:（1）振幅；（2）频率；（3）频谱（即声音的各个谐波部分） Token of sound perception to human: 1 loudness sound; 2 Pitch sound ; 3 Musical quality. Token of sound vibration : 1 Amplitude; 2 frequency; 3 frequency spectrum. 2．人耳的听觉图Ear hearing range 人耳对于不同频率的声音又完全不同的灵敏度。对于正常的人来说，在16赫兹以下和20000赫兹以上的声音都不会听到。在16赫兹至20000赫兹范围内，虽然可以听得到，但灵敏度也大不相同。最灵敏的区域是1000至3000赫兹之间。人耳在这一区域的灵敏度是非常之高的。 The different frequency sound is absolutely different sensitivity to the human ear. To the natural human, frequency lower than 20Hz and higher than 20KHz sound are not heard. At the range of 20Hz to 20KHz, it can hear, but sensitivity has big different. The most sensitivity range is 1KHz to 3KHz. The sensitivity of human ear is very high in this range. 只有当声强度超过某一最小值时人耳才有可能有所感觉，这一最小值称为闻阀。相反，很强的声音（无论是可闻的或不可闻的）会在耳中引起一种压力的感觉，甚至感到痛苦。相当于开始有这种感觉的声强度称为痛阀。 The human ear may hear the sound . When the sound intensity exceed a specific minimal value, The minimal value called threshold of hearing. On the other hand, the strong sound intensity results pressure or even painfulness to the ear. To have a feeling of equivalent to sound intensity called pain valve. 3.等响曲线Equal loudness contours 人耳能听到的声强度范围很大，已如上述。使用变化范围这样大的数目，计算起来是很不方便的。正如在计算放大器的放大特性时不使用放大倍数而采用增益（分贝）数，在这里是利用对数单位来表征声的强弱。用分贝来表示的数字称为声强级。 上图示等响曲线, 是根据许多听觉正常的听者对于响度的判断得来的。在每一条曲线上任何一点所代表的声音对人耳听起来时同样响的。每条线上附注的数字称为声响级。声响级L的单位叫做方。任何声音的声响级等于一样响的一个1000赫兹声音的声强级，因此，对1000赫兹的声音老说，它的声响级（以方计）就等于它的声强级（以分贝计）,即L N。图中的纵