第五讲 程序设计导论sk2007.pptVIP

Lesson 5 Essence of Programming  2007/09/28 index Reviewing computer hardware Introduction of programming language Algorithms Structured programming The software development progress Computer Hardware Computers are constructed from physical components referred to as hardware Hardware facilitates the storage and processing of data under the direction of a file system Computer hardware does not store data using the same symbols that humans do Bits and Bytes The smallest and most basic data item in a computer is a bit Open or closed switch 0 or 1 The grouping of 8 bits to form a larger unit is referred to as a byte Can represent any one of 256 distinct patterns The collections of patterns consisting of 0s and 1s used to represent letters, single digits, and other single characters are called character codes Components Main Memory Unit (RAM) Stores data and instructions as sequence of bytes A program must reside in main memory if it is to operate on the computer Combines 1 or more bytes into a single unit, referred to as a word Constructed as random access memory, or RAM Every section of memory can be accessed randomly as quickly as any other section Volatile: data is lost when power is turned off Size is usually specified in bytes (MB or GB) Central Processing Unit (CPU) Control unit: directs and monitors the overall operation of the computer Keeps track of where the next instruction resides Issues the signals needed to both read data from and write data to other units in the system Executes all instructions Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): performs all of the computations, such as addition, subtraction, comparisons, and so on, CPUs are constructed as a single microchip, which is referred to as a microprocessor Magnetic Hard Disk Programming Languages Computer program: data and instructions used to operate a computer and produce a specific result A program or set of programs is called software Programming: writing instructions in a language that the computer can re