chapter 2 atomic structure and periodic law of elements.ppt

* * * * * Mendeleev’s work attracted more attention He left blank spaces in his table, at 44, 68, 72, and 100, for undiscovered elements (Sc Ga Ge Tc) He corrected some atomic mass values (In, U). Group 1 has high molar volume, low melting points and all form M+ ions. * Other additions to the table included the Noble gases discoved by William Ramsey. Mendeleev placed certain elements out of order-he assumed that errors had been made in the atomic masses, but it is clear that some elements remain out of order. Moseley changed that with x-ray spectra. * 43, 61 and 75 were discovered in 1937, 1945 and 1925 respectively. Also proved the periodic law in the region from Z = 13 to 79, and that there could be NO other elements in this region. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 鲍林是著名的量子化学家，他在化学的多个领域都有过重大贡献。曾两次荣获诺贝尔奖（1954年化学奖， 1962年和平奖），有很高的国际声誉 鲍林的人生经历悠长，充满了传奇色彩。他是20世纪的科学天才，是最伟大最杰出的美国科学家，是迄今为止唯一一位两次单独获得诺贝尔奖的学者。他是闪耀在世界科学舞台上的一颗巨星，也是活跃在世界和平运动中的杰出学士。 * * * * * * * * * * * 奥地利科学家泡利因发现量子的不相容原理获1945 年诺贝尔物理学奖 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Periodic Properties of the Elements Imaging single atoms and molecules An STM image of nickel atoms placed on a copper surface Source: IBM Research Image of a ring of cobalt atoms placed on a copper surface. Source: IBM Research Measuring the mass of the atoms and molecules- MS The mass spectrometer measures the relative atomic mass of atoms The percentage of atoms at certain masses are collected by the mass spectrometer and the abundance of each isotope is then known by the frequency of the “hits” on the collector plate at different mass numbers * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Protozoans:原生生物 * * * * * * 1869, Dimitri Mendeleev  Development of Periodic Table ????????? 1.? Properties of elements were a function of their atomic masses.? This was called the periodic law. ????????? 2.? In 1860s, he made an eight - column table of elements, but he left