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Introduction to Process Control 过程控制简介论文翻译
Unit 1 Introduction to Process Control
In recent years the performance requirements for process plants have become increasingly difficult to satisfy. Stronger competition, tougher environmental and safety regulations and rapidly changing economic conditions have been key factors in the tightening of plant product quality specifications. A further complication is that modern processes have become more difficult to operate because of the trend toward larger, more highly integrated plants with smaller surge capacities between the various processing units. Such plants give the operators little opportunity to prevent upsets from propagating from one unit to other interconnected units. In view of the increased emphasis placed on safe. efficient plant operation, it is only natural that the subject of process control has become increasingly important in recent years. In fact, without process control it would not be possible to operate most modern processes safely and profitably, while satisfying plant quality standards.
近年来,对于过程系统的执行的必要条件越来越难满足了,在紧缩的工厂产品质量规范中,强大的竞争,严峻的环境和安全规范,快速变化的经济状况,这些重要因素都是我们必须考虑的。由于工厂朝着规模更大,更集成化,在各种生产过程中,我们将面临又一个困难是越来越难操作和运行。对于操作员来说,阻止误差从一个单元到另一个互联的单元的可能性很小。鉴于把重点放在安全和系统运行,自然而然,过程控制变得越来越重要了。事实上,要是没有过程控制,我们不可能安全和效率的处理大多数现代过程,也不能满足工厂质量标准。
1.1.1 Illustrative Example
As an introduction to process control. Consider the continuous stirred-tank heater shown in Fig. 1. 1. 1 The inlet liquid stream has a mass flow rate w and a temperature T . The tank contents are well agitated and heated by an electrical heater that provides Q watts. It is assumed that the inlet and outlet flow rates are identical and that the liquid density p remains constant ,that is the temperature variations are small enough that the temperature dependence of p can be neglected. Under these conditions the volume V of liquid in the tank remains constant.
在图1.1.1中连续的搅拌槽加热器的入口液体有质量流速w和温度Ti,这个被加热的和搅拌的系统提供Q,假定入口和出口的流速一样和液体的密度保持常量,也就是,这个温度是足够的小以至于温度对密度的相互关系可以忽略,在这种情况下液体的体积保持常量。
The control ob
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