13 数字滤波器结构1.pptVIP

引 言 In earlier chapters we studied the theory of discrete systems in both the time and frequency domains. We will now use this theory for the processing of digital signals. To process signals, we have to design and implement systems called filters. The filter design issue is influenced by such factors as The type of the filter: IIR or FIR The form of its implementation: structures Different filter structures dictate different design strategies. 引 言 时域离散系统 可以用差分方程、单位脉冲响应、系统函数来描述 Difference equations Rational system functions ARMA(auto-regressive moving average) or recursive(递归） filters LTI 系统中包含三种基本运算：单位延迟、加法和乘法 说明（1）箭头： 信号流动的方向 （2）z-1 与系数a ： 支路增益（没有标明，则增益为1） （3）圆点（网络节点）： 两变量相加 （4）源节点或输入节点：输入x(n)的节点 （5）吸收节点或输出节点：输出y(n)的节点 （6）节点变量：每个节点处的变量 （7）和每个节点连接的有输入支路和输出支路，节点变量等于所有输入支路的输出之和。 IIR 系统的基本网络结构 IIR 系统的系统函数可以表示为 三种基本网络结构： 直接型（Direct form） two parts ： moving average part ， recursive part (or the numerator and denominator parts) 级联型（Cascade form） The system function H(z) is factored into smaller second-order sections, called biquads. H(z) is then represented as a product of these biquads. Each biquad is implemented in a direct form, and the entire system function is implemented as a cascade of biquad sections. 并联型（Parallel form） H(z) is represented as a sum of smaller second-order sections. Each section is again implemented in a direct form. The entire system function is implemented as a parallel network of sections. 直接型（Direct Form Structure） As the name suggests, the difference equation is implemented as given using delays, multipliers, and adders. For the purpose of illustration, Let M=N=2, 例1 设 IIR 数字滤波器的系统函数为 Matlab Implementation In Matlab the direct from structure is described by two row vectors: b containing the {bn} coefficients and a containing the {an} coefficients. The structure is implemented by the filter function. filter(b,a,x) 级联型 (Cascade Form) 例2 设 IIR 数字滤波器的系统函数为 Ma