高级生物化学chapter 07 biological membranes and transport.ppt

Regulation by insulin of glucose transport into a myocyte 钒酸 (an analog of phosphate, inhibits the P-type ATPase) Topology of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance protein,CFTR Deletion of this residue results CF Regulation domain: Site of phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent protein kinase ATP binding site a serious and relatively common hereditary disease of humans. About 5% of white Americans are carriers, having one defective and one normal copy of the gene. Only individuals with two defective copies show the severe symptoms of the disease: obstruction of the gastrointestinal(gastrointestinal胃肠的) and respiratory tracts, commonly leading to bacterial infection of the air-ways and death due to respiratory insufficiency before the age of 30. Mucus lining the surface of the lungs traps the bacteria 乌本（arrow poison) a cardiotonic steroid 强心类固醇 and a potent and specific inhibitor of the Na+ K+ATPase 乙酰胆碱 The structure of acetylcholine receptor D-氯化茼箭毒碱 Tubocurarine（箭毒碱）, the active component of curare箭毒 (used as an arrow poison in the Amazon), and two other toxins from snake venoms, cobrotoxin (眼镜蛇毒素） and bungarotoxin (银环蛇毒素）, block the acetylcholine receptor or prevent the opening of its ion channel. By blocking signals from nerves to muscles, all of these toxins cause paralysis and possibly death. Structure of voltage-gated Na+ channels 河豚毒素 Tetrodotoxin (河豚毒素) and saxitoxin（蛤蚌毒素） are poisons that act by binding to the voltage-gated Na+ channels of neurons and preventing normal action potentials. 蛤蚌毒素 Summary of transport types 2.5.3 Jens Skou identified (1950s) an enzyme from crab nerves that hydrolyzes ATP to ADP only in the presence of both Na+ and K+. 2.5.4 This Na+-K+ ATPase was subsequently shown to be responsible to pumping Na+and K+ across membranes against their concentration gradients (Skou shared the 1997 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this discovery). 2.5.5 For each molecule of ATP hydrolyzed (to ADP and Pi), two K+ ions are pumped in