DivisionSixTheAgeofEnlightenment.pptVIP

Division Six : The Age of Enlightenment By Xiulan Zhao I. General Introduction Enlightenment:启蒙运动 the age of reason18th century intellectual movement starting from Francethe most important forerunners of the enlightenment were two 17th century Englishmen John Locke and Issac Newton. Locke’s materialist theory and Newton’s theory of gravitation Major force of the enlightenment is French Philosophers As a movement, the Enlightenment developed many ramifications: 1. In their attempt to rationalize government and law, the Enlightenment thinkers regarded government as the political expression of law. 2. As regards religion, the Enlightenment was completely secular in outlook. The tendency was toward Deism. 3. In art and literature, what coincided with the Age of Reason was a period called neoclassicism. 4. In economic thought, the rationalists believed that state interference did violence to the law of nature. 18世纪两大著名运动：1.The American War of Independence（1776）ended British colonial rule over the U.S.The Declaration of Independence 独立宣言2.The French Revolution（1789）ended the French Monarchy and the first French Republic was born in 1792Declaration of the Rights of Man 人权宣言 II. French Philosophy and Literature A. Baron de la Brede et de Montesaquieu (1689-1755): 法国伟大的启蒙思想家、法学家。孟 德斯鸠不仅是18世纪法国启蒙时代的 著名思想家，也是近代欧洲国家比较早的系统研究古代东方社会与法律文化的学者之一。他的著述虽然不多，但其影响却相当广泛，尤其是《论法的精神》这部集大成的著作，奠定了近代西方政治与法律理论发展的基础，也在很大程度上影响了欧洲人对东方政治与法律文化的看法。 Persian Letters, the Spirit of the law? 法国启蒙运动的先驱 Persian Letters:1721年孟德斯鸠化名“波尔·马多”发表了名著《波斯人信札》。这部书通过两个波斯人漫游法国的故事，揭露和抨击了封建社会的罪恶，用讽刺的笔调，勾画出法国上流社会中形形色色人物的嘴脸，如荒淫无耻的教士、夸夸其谈的沙龙绅士、傲慢无知的名门权贵、在政治舞台上穿针引线的荡妇等。书中还表达了对路易十四的憎恨，说法国比东方更专制。这部书受到了普遍欢迎。 The Spirit of the law:1748年，他最重要的也是影响最大的著作《论法的精神》发表。这是一部综合性的政治学著作。孟德斯鸠反对神学，提倡科学，但又不是一个无神论者和唯物主义者，他是一名自然神论者。他最重要的贡献是对资产阶级的国家和法的学说作出了卓越贡献，他在洛克分权思想的基础上明确提出了“三权分立”学说；他特别强调法的功能，他认为法律是理性的体现，法又分为自然法和人为法两类，自然法是人类社会建立