ch-8.ppt

成分－ 1. Arecoline (arecaidine methyl ester)含量最多(0.2%)，生理活性最強，為含氧液體生物鹼。其他尚有arecaidine (N-methyl guvacine)、guvacoline (guvacine methyl ester)、guvacine (tetrahydronicotinic acid)。 2. Tannin(15%)：areca red屬於phlobatannin，為色素成分 3. 脂質、揮發油及樹膠。 用途－動物用驅絛蟲劑，亦可治青光眼。 * * Life cycle of a malarial parasite Plasmodium vivax. Purple indicates haploid stages and pink diploid stages. RBC=red blood cells. * * 銀杏Ginkgo 來源－銀杏(Ginkgo biloba Linné, Ginkgoaceae)的葉， 產品－銀杏的葉丙酮水萃取物，濃縮乾燥後，調整到含有24%的類黃酮配醣體與6%的萜苹類。其中雙萜苹內酯化合物ginkgolides A、B、C與M具有血小板活化因子(platelet activating factor, PAF)的抑制作用。 PAF存在許多組織內，不僅會促進血小板凝集，同時也引起氣管收縮作用、皮下血管擴張、吞噬細胞的活化作用、低血壓及發炎物質的釋出等 * * 用途－銀杏浸膏在歐洲、台灣皆為法定的藥物，而在美國則是當做一般飲食補充品，錠劑每顆有含40mg的銀杏萃取物 德國藥典(DB)許可其用於失智症(dementia)與間歇性跛(Intermittent claudia)，臨床上也有運用於腦血管出血及相關退化性疾病 毒性成分為ginkgolic acid(銀杏酸)會引起過敏(allergy) ，必須去除，銀杏產品ginkgolic acid含量必須5ppm 。銀杏果含具神經毒性之ginkgotoxin (4’-O-methylpyridoxine) ，葉最近亦被證明含少量。 * * * * (c) Key Constituents and Pharmacokinetics 22~27% flavonoid (quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin) glycosides; 5~7% terpene lactones (2.8~3.4% ginkgolide A, B, and C; 2.6~3.2 bilobalide) Absolute bioavailability- ginkgolide A 98~100%; ginkgolide B 79~93%; at least 70% for bilobalide in Human (Egb 761) Flavonoid levels in plasma showed dose-dependant rise at 2-3 hr (LI 1370) * * * * * * * * * * * * Frequency of side effects during three-month treatment with the ginkgo extract LI 1370 (10815 p’ts) and various synthetic nootropic drugs (2141 p’ts) Patients, side effects Number (%) with LI 1370 Number (%) with other nootropic drugs Total number of patients- with no side effects- with side effects- 10815 (100%) 10632 (98.31%) 183 (1.69%) 2141 (100%) 2025 (94.58%) 116 (5.42%) Nausea 37 16 Headache 24 5 Stomach problems 15 15 Diarrhea 15 1 Allergy 10 2 Anxiety, restlessness 8 19 Sleep disturbance 6 11 Others 68 47 * * Indication for herbal remedies with psychotropic actions based on the monograph of Commission E, with the year of publication in the Bundesunzeiger Herb Yea