ssd6复习PPT_lecture7_1.pptVIP

Lecture 7 Caches Caches are used everywhere in modern systems. Caches are used in CPU chips, operating systems, distributed file systems, and on the World-Wide Web. They are built from and managed by various combinations of hardware and software. Lecture 7 Caches Special terms: Lecture 7 Caches Cache Hits: Cache Misses Cold misses, or compulsory misses Conflict misses Capacity misses Special terms: Lecture 7 Cache Memories Typical bus structure for L1 L2 caches Lecture 7 Cache Memories Generic Cache Memory Organization Lecture 7 Cache Memories An Example Fundamental parameters Parameters Description Number of Sets E Number of lines per set Block size (bytes) Number of physical address bits Lecture 7 Cache Memories An Example 22 8 22 24 5 3 1 27 0 5 * Lecture 7 (1/2) Memory Operation Performance 640k ought to be enough for anybody., Bill Gates, 1981 The Contents in SSD6 cover: 5.1?Memory Systems 5.2?Caches 5.3?Virtual Memory (VM) Exercise 5: Cache Lab Lecture 7 Memory Operation and Performance Lecture 7 Why Memory Hierarchy ? So far, we rely on a simple model of a computer system as a CPU that executes instructions and a memory system that holds instructions and data for the CPU. In practice, a memory system is a hierarchy of storage devices with different capacities, costs, and access times. Unwary programmers who assume a flat, uniform memory risk significant performance slowdowns in their programs, while wise programmers who understand the hierarchical nature of memory can produce efficient programs with fast average memory access times. Lecture 7 Memory Technology There are many ways to store a bit of information. Current technologies use: semiconductors (memory proper), magnetic plates (hard disks), and reflective puckered surfaces (CDs) Computers designed in England in the 1940s, used mercury delay lines to store bits. Lecture 7 Memory Technology Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) Magnetic disks Magn