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Helixloophelix
Chapter 21 Regulation of Transcription 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Response elements identify genes under common regulation 21.3 There are many types of DNA-binding domains 21.4 A zinc finger motif is a DNA-binding domain 21.5 Steroid receptors are transcription factors 21.6 Steroid receptors have zinc fingers 21.7 Binding to the response element is activated by ligand-binding 21.8 Steroid receptors recognize response elements by a combinatorial code 21.9 Homeodomains bind related targets in DNA 21.10 Helix-loop-helix proteins interact by combinatorial association 21.11 Leucine zippers are involved in dimer formation 21.12 Transcription initiation requires changes in chromatin structure 21.13 Chromatin remodeling is an active process 21.14 Activation of transcription requires changes in nucleosome organization at the promoter 21.15 Histone acetylation and deacetylation control chromatin activity 21.16 Polycomb and trithorax are antagonistic repressors and activators 21.17 An LCR may control a domain 21.18 Insulators block enhancer actions 21.19 Insulators can vary in strength 21.20 A domain has several types of elements 21.21 Gene expression is associated with demethylation 21.22 CpG islands are regulatory targets Activation of gene structure Initiation of transcription Processing the transcript Transport to cytoplasm Translation of mRNA Table 21.1 Incucible transcription factors bind to response elements that identify groups of promoters or enhancers subject to coordinate control. Figure 21.1 The regulatory region of a human metallothionein gene contains regulator elements in both its promoter and enhancer. The promoter has elements for metal induction; an enhancer has an element for response to glucocorticoid. Promoter elements are shown above the map, and proteins that bind them are indicated below. Figure 21.2 The activity of a regulatory transcription factor may be controlled by synthesis of protein, covalent modification of protein, ligand binding, or binding of
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