水利水电工程专业英语——灌溉与排水篇.docx

水利水电工程专业英语——灌溉与排水篇1. Consumptive Use of Water1. 消耗性用水Consumptive use of water involves problems of water supply, both surface and underground, as well as problems of management and economics of irrigation projects. Consumptive use has become a highly important factor in the arbitration of controversies over major stream systems where the public welfare of valleys, states, and nations is involved. Before available water resources of a drainage basin in arid and semiarid regions can be satisfactorily ascertained, careful consideration must be given to consumptive use requirements for water in various subbasins.消耗性用水涉及到地表和地下供水问题，也包括管理和灌溉工程的经济性问题。消耗性使用已经成为一个评判包含河谷、州和国家公共福利的主要河流系统争议的重要因素。在干旱和半干旱地区流域的可利用水资源被确定之前，必须仔细考虑各个子流域内对消耗性用水的需求。1.1 Definition of Consumptive Use1.1 消耗性用水的定义Consumptive use, or evapotranspiration, is the sum of two terms: (1) transpiration, which is water entering plant roots and used to build plant tissue or being passed through leaves of plant into the atmosphere, (2) evaporation, which is water evaporation from adjacent soil, water surfaces, or from the surfaces of leaves of the plant. Water deposited by dew, rainfall, or sprinkler irrigation and subsequently evaporating without entering the plant system is part of consumptive use.消耗性用水，或者说腾发量，是两项的总和：（1）蒸腾，即水分进入植物的根系用来构建植物体或者通过植物叶片被传输到大气中；（2）蒸发，即水分从邻近的土壤、水面或者从植物叶面蒸发的过程。通过露水、降雨或者喷灌储存，随后未经过植物体而蒸发也是消耗性用水的一部分。Consumptive use can apply to water requirements of a crop, a field, a farm, a project, or a valley. When the consumptive use of the crop is known, the water use of larger units can be calculated. Hence, the term “consumptive use” and the following discussion generally refer to the crop.消耗性用水可以应用到一棵植物、一块土地、一片农场、一个项目或者一个河谷的用水需求中。当作物的消耗性用水为已知时，就可以计算更大单元的用水量。因此，术语“消耗性用水”和接下来的讨论主要是指作物。1.2 Conditions Affecting Consumptive Use of Water1.2 影响消费性用水的条件Evaportranspiration is influenced by temperature, irrigation practices, length of growing season, precipitation, and other factors. The volume of water transpi