Language_changes教程.pptVIP

I. Borrowing借用 Origin examples Latin bonus, education, exit出口 Greek希腊语 tragedy, cycle, physics Scandinavian日耳曼语系 skirt, , scatter French prince, question, coup d’etat salmon, appetite, dinner, supper, beef, pork, sardine, mutton Spanish西班牙 ranch, guitar, barbecue Italian balcony, balloon, opera German beer, waltz, quarts Dutch荷兰 freight, pump, buoy Chinese tea, kowtow, sampan (舢板) Russian俄语 sputnik人造卫星 , commissar 委员, vodka伏特加酒 Arabic zero, algebra代数学 , alcohol 酒精 Loss of words词的丧失 beseem to be suitable wot to know gyve a fetter The Old English word wer, meaning ‘man’, now is not used in modern English. The Old English word rice, meaning ‘kingdom’, has been lost in the modern language. 4. Semantic change A. Semantic broadening词义拓宽 Example words Original meaning Widened meaning holiday holy day (religious significance)神圣的一天 any day we don’t work tail the tail of a horse the tail of any animal companion person with whom you share bread person who accompanies you朋友 Quarantine严格的隔离 forty days’ isolation isolation time bird young bird any bird sail boats with sails boats with or without sails B. Semantic narrowing 词义变窄 Example words Original meaning Narrowed meaning Hound猎狗 general term for “dog” a special kind of dog girl young person of either sex young people of female sex deer any animal a particular kind of animal meat food edible part of an animal corn grain a particular grain C. Semantic shift词义的转移 Example words Original meaning Shifted meaning inn a small hotel or pub can be a well-known large hotel (meaning elevated) nice ignorant good, fine lust pleasure with no negative or sexual overtones a very strong desire either sexual or to possess something (meaning elevated) immoral not customary习惯的 Not conforming to accepted standards of morality silly happy / naive foolish D. Changes in Meaning pearl harbor （破坏性袭击） ATM （异步传输模式） candy （使心情或脑子放松的东西） noodle （在电脑键盘上胡乱击键） Kmart