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Chapter 3 AntigensSubstances which can be recognized by Ig of B cells (at Fab sites) and TCR’s of T cells (when accompanied by MHC)B and T cells also differ in the way they recognize AgFactors influencing immunogenicityOur IS recognizes only small parts of parasitesParticular macromolecules such as proteins (#1) and polysaccharides (#2)Lipids and nucleic acids do NOT, by themselves, stim IR unless they’re attached to proteins or polysacch’s Immunogenicity is not an intrinsic property of the Ag, but depends on certain biological factors relative to the organism in which it is locatedThe Nature of ImmunogensDetermined by 4 properties:Degree of ForeignnessMolecular sizeChemical structure + heterogeneityAbility to be processed and presented by an APC1) Degree of ForeignnessThe body must be able to distinguish “self” from “non-self”the greater the phylogenetic distance between 2 organisms, the greater the structural differences, hence foreignness (Ex: BSA -rabbits; chicks vs goats)Some macromolecules show conservancy of structure across phyla (e.g., collagen and cytochrome C)Other macromolecules “outside” an organism’s system can be immunogenic! (e.g., cornea and sperm cells)2) Molecular sizeMost immunogens are 100,000 daltons (Da)Most molecules 5-10,000 are poor ones3) Chemical structure/heterogeneityAll 4 levels of protein structure contrib to structural complexity…1°, 2°, 3°, 4°Lipids can induce IR if presented properlyLipids are typically ‘haptens’ carried by proteins (Ab’s are produced vs the lipid portion)Ab’s can form vs steroids fatty acid derivatives…Several clinical assays use Ab’s to check for these substAb’s vs leukotrienes for evaluation of asthmaAb’s vs steroids - to measure amts in patient’s circulation TCR recog lipid Ag assoc w/ CD1(resembles MHC I)T cells recog vs lipids of Mycobacterium4) Ability to be processed/presented*Development of both Humoral and Cell-mediated IR requires T cell recognition of processed/ presented Ag*large, insoluble macrom