(精)信息结构与英汉互译.ppt

信息结构与英汉互译 1.信息结构：已知信息和未知信息 INFORMATION STRUCTURE ... is the ordering of the text, independently of its construction in terms of sentences, clauses and the like, into units of information on the basis of the distinction into GIVEN and NEW. （Halliday Hasan 1976: 27) 信息结构是指文本的组织结构，即将句子和小句等结构组合成一个个信息单位，并将它们区分为已知信息和新信息。 2.已知信息＋未知信息 旧信息＋新信息 句子信息结构的一般模式： 已知信息＋未知信息；或 旧信息＋新信息 即：由已知信息引导出未知信息。 例1：1）Mr. Brown is their teacher. （Mr. Brown是已知信息，their teacher是新信息） 2）Their teacher is Mr. Brown. （their teacher是已知信息，Mr. Brown是新信息） (different presuppositions) 例2：Our guide showed us basic rafting techniques. (Our guide是已知信息，showed us basic rafting techniques是新信息) 在组织篇章时，信息的传递一般也要遵循一定的规律，即也是由已知信息引导出新信息。 例3： (1) By far the most complex systems that we have are our own bodies. (2) Life seems to have originated in the primordial oceans that covered the Earth four billion years ago. (3) How this happened we don’t know. (4) It may be that random collisions between atoms built up macromolecules that could reproduce themselves and assemble themselves into more complicated structures. 参考译文：(1) 迄今为止，我们所拥有的最复杂的系统是我们的身体。(2) 生命看来似乎起源于40亿年前覆盖着地球的原始海洋。(3) 这是怎样发生的，我们不知道。(4) 可能是原子之间的无序碰撞产生了大分子，这些大分子能复制自己并聚集成更加复杂的结构。 3. 主位＋述位 表示已知信息/旧信息的部分称之为主位（theme）， 表示未知信息的部分称为述位（rheme）。 Theme: The initial element of a clause; what the clause is about. 2 functions of theme: 1) it acts as a point of orientation by connecting back to previous stretches of discourse and thereby maintaining a coherent point of view; 2) it acts as a point of departure by connecting forward and contributing to the development of later stretches. Rheme: the second segment of the clause; what the speaker says about the theme; the goal of the discourse. Function of rheme: it fulfils the communicative purpose of the utterance and represents the very information that the speaker wants to convey to the hearer. 4. 信息推进模式及其对翻译的指导意义 在组织信息的过程中，主位和述位的不断推进是要遵循一定的规律的，如果破坏了这种规律，就破