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m y c o r r h i z a e a n d r e v e g e t a t i o n o f d i s t u r b e d l a n d s（m z y c o r r h e n d r e v e g e t t i o n o f d i s t u r b e d l n d s）.doc

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MYCORRHIZAE AND REVEGETATION OF DISTURBED LANDS ________________________________ Introduction Many plant ecologists and restoration practitioners have realized that soil microorganisms can have a significant impact on how vegetation communities establish and develop. Much of this attention has been focused on mycorrhizae, an important symbiotic relationship between plant roots and specialized fungi. This document is intended to provide basic biological information about mycorrhizae, explain ways that mycorrhizae may enhance revegetation projects, and provided some advice and resources to guide decisions about incorporating mycorrhizae into your revegetation strategies. What are mycorrhizae? Mycorrhizae are fungal-plant root symbioses that occur in members of more than 90% of vascular plant families. In general, the fungus benefits from photosynthate (fixed carbon) supplied by the plant, while the plant benefits from improved nutrient uptake and other mechanisms described below. There are seven types of mycorrhizae, which can loosely be classified as endomycorrhizae (which include arbuscular mycorrhizae, and endosymbionts of the Orchidaceae, Epacidaceae and Ericaceae), and ectomycorrhizae. The most common type of endomycorrhizae are the arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM, also known as VAM), which involve the fungus penetrating the plant cells and forming structures (vesicles and arbuscules) within plant cortical cells (Figure 1). AM are generally associated with herbaceous plants and a few shrubs and trees. Ectomycorrhizae have fungal hyphae intertwined with plant cells (Hartig net) which extend outside the root, forming a sheath around the root and extending outward into the soil matrix (Figure 2). Ectomycorrhizae are generally associated with trees. This paper focuses on AM and ectomycorrhizae, but it is important to note that there are other specific types, such as specialists that associate with ericacious plants, and those that associate with only orch