stigma的社會心理学.doc

Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2005. 56:393-421 doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070137 Copyright c 2005 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved First published online as a Review in Advance on September 14, 2004 THE SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF STIGMA 污名的社会心理学 Brenda Major and Laurie T. OBrien Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93105; email: major@, obrien@ 心理学系，加州大学圣巴巴拉分校 KeyWords： social identity, identity threat, stress and coping, stereotyping, prejudice, discrimination 关键词：社会认同 身份危机 压力与应对 成见（刻板印象） 偏见 歧视 ■ Abstract This chapter addresses the psychological effects of social stigma. Stigma directly affects the stigmatized via mechanisms of discrimination, expectancy confirmation, and automatic stereotype activation, and indirectly via threats to personal and social identity. We review and organize recent theory and empirical research within an identity threat model of stigma. This model posits that situational cues, collective representations of ones stigma status, and personal beliefs and motives shape appraisals of the significance of stigma-relevant situations for well-being. Identity threat results when stigma-relevant stressors are appraised as potentially harmful to ones social identity and as exceeding ones coping resources. Identity threat creates involuntary stress responses and motivates attempts at threat reduction through coping strategies. Stress responses and coping efforts affect important outcomes such as self-esteem, academic achievement, and health. Identity threat perspectives help to explain the tremendous variability across people, groups, and situations in responses to stigma. 本章涉及社会污名的心理学作用。社会污名直接通过歧视机制、预期的确认并自动激活成见，间接通过威胁个人和社会的认同来影响被污蔑者。我们用一个污名的身份威胁模型审查和组织了近期的理论和实证研究。该模型假定情境线索、人的耻辱地位的集体交涉、个人信仰和动机形成了对于耻辱的意义评估，这种耻辱是与幸福感相关的。当耻辱相关的紧张性刺激被评价为可能潜在地有害于一个人的社会认同、超过一个人的应对资源，身份威胁就产生了。身份威胁创建自愿应激反应和激励，企图通过应对策略减少威胁。应激反应和应对努力产生重要的成果，诸如自尊、学业成就和健康。身份威胁视角有助于解释对污名作出反应的人、群体和情境的巨大变异。 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .......