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Unit1 The view that underlies this book is of translation as a process, involving the negotiation of meaning between producers and receivers of texts. In other words, the resulting translated text is to be seen as evidence of a transaction, a means of retracing the pathways of the translators’ decision-making procedures. In the same way, the source text is an end-product and again should be treated as evidence of a writer’s intended meaning rather than as the embodiment of the meaning itself. In translating metaphor, for example, there is little point in seeking to match target-language words with those in the source-language in isolation from a consideration of the writer’s whole world-view. Occurrences of metaphor have a cumulative effective which suggests a particular perception of reality and it is this which the translator seeks to capture. In this sense, texts can be seen as the result of motivated choice: producers of texts have their own communicative aims and select lexical items and grammatical arrangement to serve those aims. Naturally, in translating, there are potentially two sets of motivations: those of the producer of the source text and those of the translators. 本书的基本观点是，翻译是一个过程，其中包括文章作者和读者在意义上的沟通。换言之，译好的译文被看作是一种交际活动的体现，一种追溯译者决策过程的途径。与此同理，原文也是一个终端产品，也应被看作是作者意图的体现，而不是意义本身的象征。例如，在翻译比喻的时候，不考虑作者的整体观点，而只是孤立地用译语词语对应原语词语的译法，是不可取的。比喻的运用具有累积性的效果，表达了对现实的某种特定视角，而这才是译者要尽力去捕捉的。 从这个意义上来说，文章可视为基于动机选择的结果：作者先有自己的交际目的，然后选择词汇和语法去服务于这一目的。因此，翻译过程中潜存着两类动机：原文作者的动机和译者的动机。 Unit 2 The Great Depression gave rise to the fear that such catastrophes would recur or even that the American economy would live in a state of permanent depression unless radical changes were made in the economic system. This fear is now gone, partly because that analysis was judged faulty: it underestimated the equilibrating features of the system. Changes in institutions and policies that stabilized the economy without weakening its free and efficient features dispelled those fears. Worry about the pos