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g p s c o u r s e o u t l i n e（g p s c o u r s e o t l i n e u）.doc

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GPS: Theory, Practice and Applications Frederic G. Snider, R.P.G. Introduction Ever since people began to explore the world, one of the most difficult questions has always been “Where the heck am I?”, probably followed closely by, “How do I get where I want to go and back again?” The answers to these questions led to the art and science of navigation. On land, navigation was based on reference to known locations. Over water, the problem was addressed using the sun and stars as references. Mapping and surveying had their own set of requirements for measuring distances and documenting position. The needs of navigation, mapping and surveying led to the development of compasses, transits, chronometers and a host of other equipment and techniques over the ages. These methods worked within certain boundaries. The sun and stars weren’t always visible, and land explorers venturing into unknown territory soon ran out of familiar landmarks. Accurate surveying was a slow and laborious process. After the second world war, it became obvious that we needed a solution to the problem of rapid and accurate absolute positioning. Over the next couple of decades, a number of projects and experiments were run. In the early 1970’s, a bold experiment was proposed. A network of satellites, positioned thousands of miles above the earth, could provide rapid, accurate and absolute positioning anywhere. This vision became known as the Global Positioning System or GPS. The GPS system belongs to the Department of Defense (DOD) and is officially known as the NAVSTAR System (Navigation Satellite Timing and Ranging). Its primary mission is to provide the U.S. Government and the Department of Defense the ability to accurately determine one’s position at any point on the earth’s surface, at any time of the day or night, and in any weather condition. Sounds simple, but it took a number of years and a commitment of over 12 billion dollars before the first GPS satellite was deployed. As origi