Diabetes Mellitus Overview and Treatments Web 糖尿病概述和治疗网络.pptVIP

Diabetes Mellitus Overview and Treatments Andrew P. Vogt Chemistry 6116 Diabetes Mellitus : a group of diseases characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both 20.8 million in US ( 7% of population) estimated 14.6 million diagnosed (only 2/3) Consists of 3 types: 1) Type 1 diabetes 2) Type 2 diabetes 3) Gestational diabetes Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 Diabetes - cells that produce insulin are destroyed - results in insulin dependence - commonly detected before 30 Type 2 Diabetes - blood glucose levels rise due to 1) Lack of insulin production 2) Insufficient insulin action (resistant cells) - commonly detected after 40 - effects 90% - eventually leads to β-cell failure (resulting in insulin dependence) Testing : Diabetes - Insulin Discovered in 1921 by Banting and Best Consist of A B chains linked by 2 disulfide bonds (plus additional disulfide in A) Diabetes – Insulin(synthesis, storage, secretion) Produced within the pancreas by β cells ? islets of Langerhans insulin mRNA is translated as a single chain precursor called preproinsulin removal of signal peptide during insertion into the endoplasmic reticulum generates proinsulin Within the endoplasmic reticulum, proinsulin is exposed to several specific endopeptidases which excise the C peptide, thereby generating the mature form of insulin Stored as β granules Diabetes – Insulin(Biochemical Role) In the case of type 1 diabetes, insulin levels are grossly deficient. Thus type 1 diabetes is invariably treated with insulin Type 2 diabetes is frequently associated with obesity. Serum insulin levels are normal or elevated, so this is a disease of insulin resistance. A number of treatment options may be employed. Animation showing overview of diabetes: /animation/1/34/main.html Animation showing mechanism of action of insulin: /hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/pancreas/insulin_phys.html Pancreatic Hormones and Insulin Recept