第十周BiologyofSalmonids外部特征,皮肤和鳞.docVIP

第十周 一次 （开课第四周） The Biology of Salmonids 鲑鳟鱼的生物学 External Features, Skin and Scales 外部特征，皮肤和鳞 All of the species discussed in this text belong to the subfamily Salmonini鲑亚科 of the family Salmonidae鲑科. They are members of two genera属, Salmo鲑属 (the leaper跳跃鱼类) and Oncorhynchus 大马哈鱼属 (hooked snout钩鼻鱼). For practical purposes the major difference between the genera is that all the Oncorhynchus species, the Pacific Salmonide太平洋鲑, die after spawning and, although a high mortality死亡率 follows spawning in the wild for Salmo species, care of farmed brood stock亲鱼 can lead to high survival rates. Thus repeated annual spawnings can be obtained from the same,probably valuable brood stock. 本文所讨论的鱼类均属鲑科鲑亚科。这些鱼类隶属两属。鲑属（跳跃鱼类）和大马哈鱼属（钩鼻鱼）。从实际看，这两属鱼的主要区别在于: 大马哈鱼（即太平洋鲑鱼）产完卵即死亡、二鲑鱼在野生条件下虽然产后死亡率很高，但只要精心管理，亲鱼的成活率仍很高。因此同批亲鱼可以重复产卵，这可能很有价值。 Salmonides have two kinds of fins, the paired fins偶鳍 and the median fins奇鳍脊鳍. The paired fins are the pectoral fins胸鳍 which are attached to the pectoral girdle肩带 just behind the head and the pelvic fins腹鳍 which are attached to the pelvic girdle腰带 half-way along the body. The pelvic fins腹鳍 have a pelvic auxiliary process腹鳍辅助突 which fills the angle between the fin and the body. 鲑鳟鱼有两种鳍：奇鳍和偶鳍。胸鳍和腹鳍属偶鳍， 前者附着在头正后方的肩带上，后者附着在身体中部的腰带上。腹鳍有腹鳍辅助突，填在鳍与身体的夹角内。 The median fins奇鳍 are the dorsal fin背鳍, anal fin臀鳍 and the caudal fin尾鳍. All these fins are supported by bony rays鳍条which consists of branched columns分支成列 of little bones bound together by tendons腱. The rays branch分叉 at their tips. Muscles at the base of the fin can move the rays to erect竖起 the fins and the maneuver the fish during swimming. 奇鳍主要是背鳍、臀鳍和尾鳍。上述这些鳍均由骨质鳍条支持。鳍条有分支成列的小型骨骼通过腱连接在一起。，鳍条尖端分支。游泳时鳍基部的肌肉使鳍条运动而将鳍竖起，使鱼获得机动性。 Fins are readily torn or damaged when fish are handled but can re-grow. Often fins are deliberately clipped to mark fish. Although fin re-grows the mark can usually be recognized by kinks in the fin rays. Persistent damage to fins in farmed conditions with constant minor infections often