晋西北根据地劳动力开发与调剂(新)
晋西北抗日根据地乡村劳动力开发与调剂
(忻州师范学院政史系 李常生 034000)
〔摘要〕抗日战争时期,晋西北农村青壮年劳动力锐减,农业生产遭到日军严重破坏。为恢复和发展农业生产,解决劳动力短缺问题,晋西北根据地抗日民主政府颁布了各种奖励生产的政策法令,发动妇女参加生产,改造“二流子”,鼓励其从事生产劳动,实行移民垦荒政策,合理调剂劳动力。这些措施的实行对根据地经济、社会发展均起到重要作用。
〔关键词〕 晋西北根据地;劳动力;妇女;二流子;移民
On the Rural Labor Force Development and Regulation of the Anti-Japanese Base in North-West Jin
Xinzhou Normal University; Department of Politics and history; Li Changsheng
Abstract: During the War of Resistance against Japan, the young adult labor forces reduced in a large amount, and agricultural products were destroyed seriously by the enemies in the countryside of North-West Jin. For restoring and developing agricultural production, solving the problem of labor shortage, the democratic government of North-West Jin’s base issued policies and laws to encourage production, called for women participating in production, transformed idlers and encouraged them to be engaged in the agricultural labor. At the same time, it implemented immigrant’s policies of reclaiming wasteland to adjust the labor forces rationally. The implementation of these measures played an important role in the economic and social development of the base.
Key words: the base of North-West Jin; labor force; woman; idler; immigrant.
抗日战争时期,晋西北根据地抗日民主政府把开发和调剂劳动力作为恢复农业生产的要务之一,及时颁布各种奖励生产的政策法令,实行移民政策,鼓励移民垦荒,“利用群众团体的动员,推动了老汉、妇女参加生产。提出‘懒汉懒婆姨最为可耻’的口号,动员地痞流氓参加生产”。[1]这些举措的实行,增加了农村劳动力,促进了经济、社会的发展。近年来,学术界对此类课题的研究逐渐增多,但多集中于陕甘宁边区,尚且零散,缺乏深入。本文以晋西北根据地开发民力史实为依据,试做进一步深刻、综合的探讨,以揭示党在抗战时期开发民力之卓越成效,为今日新农村建设提供有益之思,不足之处,敬请方家指正。
动员妇女参加生产运动
抗日战争爆发后,晋西北根据地的农村青年响应党的号召,积极上前线参军或从事民运等脱离农业生产的工作,加之日寇疯狂屠杀、强夺,致使农村劳动力大量减少。如兴县高家村,从1937年抗战爆发到1942年,18-23岁的男子,由33人减到23人,减少10人;24-45岁的男子,由65人减至49人,减少16人;46-55岁的男子,由32人减至18人,减少14人。三项合计减少40人,约占本村青壮年及尚未衰老男子的30.76%。[2](P8)由于战争的长期性、残酷性,男子大多直接到了前线,占半数人口的妇女如果不参加生产劳动,根据地经济建设难以开展。同时,妇女也只有积极参加生产劳动才能提高社会和家庭地位。然而,长期以来晋西北农村妇女因为小脚和家庭的封建束缚,除了极贫苦的妇女为生活所迫去种地拾柴替地主帮工外,“一般妇女只是在农忙时送茶烧饭,做一些轻便的农事,比较繁重的农活都由男子承担,社会上普遍认为妇女抛头露面下田种地是一种耻辱,是命苦”。[3](p19)
针对这种情况,晋西北根据地党和民主政
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