Pain and Suffering Fairfield University痛苦与苦难费尔菲尔德大学.pptVIP

? 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. ? 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Lectures by Stephanie Scher Pandolfi BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE FOURTH EDITION SCOTT FREEMAN Scientific, Philosophical, and Religious Perspectives December 1, 2012 PAIN AND SUFFERING FICTION OR FACT?? HYMENOPTERA – PARASITIC WASPS WHAT IS LIFE? Characteristics of Life (Biological) Organization (cellular) Reproduction Responsiveness Evolution (continuous change) Homeostasis (internal maintenance) Energy Transformations THERMODYNAMICS The study of energy transformations First Law of Thermodynamcis (conservation of energy) E = mc2 is one expression of this Second Law of Thermodynamics (disorder in a system) Systems tend to proceed from ordered to disordered states Free Energy changes in a reaction ( A + B → C + D ): ?G = ?H - T?S If ?G = 0, reaction is at equilibrium If ?G 0, reaction proceeds as written (spontaneous) If ?G 0, reaction will not proceed (non-spontaneous) WHEN IS A REACTION SPONTANEOUS? EPotential Energy ergy Potential Energy and Order (Entropy) tential Energy and Order (Entropy) High potential energy Low potential energy High potential energy, more order Low potential energy, less order High Low ATP HAS HIGH POTENTIAL ENERGY ATP consists of three phosphate groups, ribose, and adenine. Phosphate groups Ribose Adenine Energy is released when ATP is hydrolyzed. ATP Water ADP Inorganic phosphate Energy EXERGONIC PHOSPHORYLATION REACTIONS ATP is the energy currency of all living organisms Endergonic reaction (Loss of Pi from ATP) Exergonic reaction (B gains Pi from ATP) Exergonic reaction (B loses Pi) Reactants Products “Activated” substrate A B AB ?G ATP A BPi Energy is required to synthesize AB SOURCES OF ATP FOR LIVING CELLS Autotrophs – can provide their own energy Phototrophs – light (plants) Chemotrophs – inorganic chemicals (some microbes) Heterotrophs – energy derived from organic molecules All animals Requires mechanisms for detection (sensory) and acquisition (eating) o