Prolog Fundamentals EdProlog语言的基础版.pptVIP

27/09/04 AIPP Lecture 2: Prolog Fundamentals Prolog Fundamentals Artificial Intelligence Programming in Prolog Lecture 2 27/09/04 Anatomy of a Program Last week I told you that Prolog programs are made up of facts and rules. A fact asserts some property of an object, or relation between two or more objects. e.g. parent(jane,alan). Can be read as “Jane is the parent of Alan.” Rules allow us to infer that a property or relationship holds based on preconditions. e.g. parent(X,Y) :- mother(X,Y). = “Person X is the parent of person Y if X is Y’s mother.” Predicate Definitions Both facts and rules are predicate definitions. ‘Predicate’ is the name given to the word occurring before the bracket in a fact or rule: parent(jane,alan). By defining a predicate you are specifying which information needs to be known for the property denoted by the predicate to be true. Clauses Predicate definitions consist of clauses. = An individual definition (whether it be a fact or rule). e.g. mother(jane,alan). = Fact parent(P1,P2):- mother(P1,P2). = Rule A clause consists of a head and sometimes a body. Facts don’t have a body because they are always true. Arguments A predicate head consists of a predicate name and sometimes some arguments contained within brackets and separated by commas. mother(jane,alan). A body can be made up of any number of subgoals (calls to other predicates) and terms. Arguments also consist of terms, which can be: Constants e.g. jane, Variables e.g. Person1, or Compound terms (explained in later lectures). Terms: Constants Constants can either be: Numbers: integers are the usual form (e.g. 1, 0, -1, etc), but floating-point numbers can also be used (e.g. 3.0E7) Symbolic (non-numeric) constants: always start with a lower case alphabetic character and contain any mixture of letters, digits, and underscores (but no spaces, punctuation, or an initial capital). e.g. abc, big_long_constant, x4_3t). String co