Reverse Osmosis Pharos University in Alexandria反渗透亚历山大灯塔大学.pptVIP

Dr. Ola Abdelwahab Dr. Ola Abdelwahab Dr. Ola Abdelwahab Dr. Ola Abdelwahab Dr. Ola Abdelwahab Dr. Ola Abdelwahab Dr. Ola Abdelwahab Reverse Osmosis Lec. 9 Dr. Ola Abdelwahab Introduction Since the early days of civilization mankind have adopted simple forms of membranes. In early agriculture communities, household sieves were invented and developed to separate fin grain ground from coarse grain particles and shells. Similarly, cheesecloth was made from cotton fibers and used to manufacture cheese. Both forms of separation are based on differences in particle size. However, developments in membrane technology have focused on adoption of other separation mechanisms, such differences in solution and diffusion rates of various species across the membrane material. * Dr. Ola Abdelwahab Fig.1 General representation of a membrane separation process recovery ratio (RR), A parameter of practical interest in water treatment processes Here, Qp and Qf are the permeate and feed ?ow rates, respectively. Typically, single RO elements are operated with a recovery of 10–15% . * Dr. Ola Abdelwahab Elements of Membrane Separation A number of membrane-based desalination processes are used on industrial scale. the membrane-based processes include reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, and microfiltration. Differences among these processes is shown in Fig. 2, where * Dr. Ola Abdelwahab Differences among membranes Microfiltration operates on a particle size range of 0.10 μm to 0.15 μm. Ultrafiltration operates on a particle size range of 0.15 μm to 5xl0-2 μm Nanofiltration operates on a particle size range of 5xl0-2 μm to 5x10-3 μm Reverse osmosis operates on a particle size range of 5xl0-3 μm to 10-4 μm. * Dr. Ola Abdelwahab Fig. 2 Separation spectrum of pressure-driven membrane processes * Dr. Ola Abdelwahab Comparison between RO and other filtration processes There is an inherent difference in the separation mechanism in all filtration processes and the