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Substorm onset viewed by a two-dimensional, global-scale hybrid code.pdf

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Substorm onset viewed by a two-dimensional, global-scale hybrid code.pdf

Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 63 (2001) 683–704 www.elsevier.nl/locate/jastp Substorm onset viewed by a two-dimensional, global-scale hybrid code Daniel W. Swifta;?, Yu Linb aGeophysical Institute, University of Alaska, P.O. Box 757320, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-7320, USA bPhysics Department, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA Received 30 November 1999; received in revised form 10 May 2000; accepted 12 May 2000 Abstract A two-dimensional hybrid code is used to simulate processes related to the onset of the substorm expansive phase that take place in the midnight meridian plane of the magnetosphere. The simulation domain extends from the Earth’s ionosphere to 35 Earth radii in the antisunward direction and to 11 Earth radii along the polar axes. Simulation runs were made both with and without a driving dawn-to-dusk electric ?eld imposed at the boundaries. In the driven cases momentum exchange between the plasma being accelerated earthward in the neutral sheet and the magnetic ?eld results in a stretching of the magnetic ?eld lines and thinning of the plasma sheet. In the undriven cases, the induction electric ?eld from the collapsing tail ?eld also accelerates plasma sheet plasma earthward. In both cases a pair of ?eld-aligned currents develops connecting the inner edge of the plasma sheet to the auroral ionosphere, with the downward current equatorward of the upward current. The breaking of the inward plasma ow drives these currents. Next follows the apparent dipolarization. “Dipolarization” is carried outward by plasma rebounding o the dipole ?eld. Ion–ion two streaming instabilities are excited behind the expanding dipolarization front. The e ect of these instabilities is propagated earthward along magnetic ?eld lines by shear Alfve?n waves. These are seen as multiple ?eld-aligned current ?laments above the auroral ionosphere. We take the upward ?eld-aligned current ?laments as proxies for auroral arcs. Results of the simulations indicate