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* Normal people will sample sequentially, then randomly, from all four decks, looking for patterns. Decks A B have higher initial payoffs than decks C D, by about 2 to 1 on average. But some cards in every deck trigger a second-order loss after the gain, and these losses are much higher in decks A B. After about 30 trials, normal subjects will move to decks C D and stay there. But the VMF patients prefer A B, fixated on the higher short-term rewards -- and they go bankrupt every time. They stay away for one or two turns after a high penalty, but keep coming back until they go bust. * Even an increase in activity in your sweat glands too small for you to be aware of will reduce resistance to the passage of electrical current. This skin conductance response is a measure of your emotional arousal (think: polygraph). Here you can see that normal people taking the Iowa experiment show very strong physiological reactions to winning or losing money -- especially to losing more money from the “bad decks.” People with damaged amygdalas show little response. And people with a damaged frontal cortex show pretty strong responses (not stat different from the normal patients), showing that they can feel the current experience of winning or losing. * Remember, A B are “bad decks,” w/ higher initial payouts higher delayed penalties. C D are “good decks,” w/lower payouts and penalties. Normal people have a sense of “what’s coming” -- they begin to forecast, w/their brains their bodies, what the draw of the next card will feel like. Look at 2nd p. of scan in handouts [JZ pick it up]. /Find 4th draw on that page. I’m about to pick from A. Look how my SCR reading leaps up. On that draw, by the way, I won $110 but lost $1,250! (My heart rate doubles from about 70 to about 140.) But patients w/damage to amygdala or frontal cortex can’t anticipate how they will feel -- they have no sense of impending risk. Damasio: they “go for the now”, unable to “generate automated
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